Taiwan – Health Issues

What are the most common health issues and diseases in Taiwan?

Data from Taiwan’s Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW) shows that non-communicable diseases (NCDs) — encompassing cardiovascular conditions, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes — are responsible for close to 80% of all deaths in Taiwan. This pattern closely resembles that of other affluent economies, including Japan, South Korea, and much of Western Europe, where long-term lifestyle-related illnesses have overtaken infectious diseases as the primary drivers of mortality.

In 1952, acute communicable diseases were the leading cause of death in Taiwan; today, malignant neoplasms (cancer), accidents, and chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease dominate the mortality statistics. This transformation reflects decades of economic growth, improvements in sanitation, and expanded healthcare access — but has simultaneously created a new and growing burden of long-term disease management.

Chronic NCDs weigh particularly heavily on Taiwan’s older population, with 92.4% of seniors carrying at least one chronic condition and 56.6% managing three or more simultaneously. As a consequence, healthy life expectancy after the age of 65 amounts to only 7.56 years — a figure that falls short of the 2019 OECD averages of 9.8 years for women and 9.7 years for men.

Taiwan records the highest incidence and prevalence rates of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) anywhere in the world — a notable distinction that has prompted the government to establish a nationwide chronic kidney disease prevention programme. Diabetes, hypertension, and the historically widespread use of herbal remedies and analgesics are all considered contributing factors. Expats who have pre-existing kidney conditions, or who routinely take over-the-counter painkillers, should bear this context in mind.

In July 2023, people aged 65 and over accounted for 17.96% of Taiwan’s total population, and by 2025 this proportion is forecast to surpass 20%, officially classifying Taiwan as a “super-aged” society. This demographic shift is expected to drive rising demand for chronic disease management and long-term care. For incoming expats, this trajectory generally translates into a healthcare infrastructure that is increasingly well-resourced for specialist and geriatric care.

Is Taiwan considered a healthy country? How do health outcomes compare internationally?

According to Ministry of the Interior figures, Taiwan’s average life expectancy in 2023 stood at 80.2 years — 76.9 years for men and 83.7 years for women, representing gains of 0.3 and 0.5 years respectively compared with 2022. These numbers place Taiwan firmly above the global average and broadly on a par with other well-developed East Asian societies.

Male life expectancy in Taiwan exceeded the global average by seven years, while the comparable figure for women was nine years higher. These gains reflect both the effectiveness of Taiwan’s National Health Insurance (NHI) system — which provides near-universal coverage — and the high degree to which residents make use of available healthcare services. Taiwan’s NHI is frequently cited in international comparisons as one of the most comprehensive and equitable systems in existence, sharing the ambition of Germany’s statutory insurance model while operating as a single-payer structure.

Regional disparities in life expectancy are worth noting. Taipei residents enjoy the longest lives on the island, with an average of 83.8 years, whereas residents of Taitung County at the lower end record an average of just 76 years. These gaps are attributed to a combination of socioeconomic differences, varying levels of access to healthcare, and environmental factors — air quality foremost among them.

Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) in Taiwan fell to 71.4 years in 2021, a drop of 10.4 months from the previous year and the steepest annual decline in over two decades, according to MOHW data. This was attributable largely to disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The figures are expected to have since recovered, and readers should consult the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW) for the most current statistics.

The under-five mortality rate was 5.1 per 1,000 in 2022 — below the OECD average of 6 per 1,000 for that year, though higher than the figures recorded by South Korea (approximately 3 per 1,000) and Japan (approximately 2 per 1,000). Taken as a whole, Taiwan’s health outcomes are strong by international standards, even as chronic disease management and kidney disease remain areas of ongoing governmental concern.

What infectious diseases or environmental health risks should expats be aware of in Taiwan?

The infectious disease environment in Taiwan differs considerably from that of many temperate, higher-latitude countries. While large-scale epidemic events are uncommon, a number of diseases merit attention — especially for people arriving from regions where subtropical or tropical illnesses are rarely encountered.

Dengue fever represents the most significant vector-borne disease risk for people living in Taiwan. Spread by the Aedes mosquito, dengue is most prevalent in southern cities such as Tainan and Kaohsiung during the warmer months, broadly spanning May through October. The disease recurs annually due to the difficulty of controlling Aedes aegypti populations in urban environments, a challenge compounded by increased international travel and ongoing urbanisation. Since no specific antiviral treatment exists for dengue, prevention is paramount: use insect repellent, wear appropriate clothing, and remove any standing water from the vicinity of your home.

Enterovirus is a particular concern for families with young children. The Taiwan CDC publishes weekly surveillance data on enterovirus activity and issues public alerts when case numbers climb significantly. Thorough and consistent handwashing is the single most effective preventive measure.

Hepatitis B was historically widespread in Taiwan, though a national immunisation programme launched in 1984 has dramatically curtailed transmission. Tuberculosis (TB) continues to circulate and is more prevalent in Taiwan than in many Northern European or Australasian countries. Japanese encephalitis poses a seasonal mosquito-borne risk, primarily affecting those spending time in rural and agricultural settings.

The Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan CDC) maintains up-to-date guidance on disease outbreaks and vaccination recommendations. Before relocating, it is also worth reviewing travel health advice from your home country’s own health authority — such as the US CDC, the UK’s NHS Travel Health, or equivalent bodies — as recommended immunisation schedules can change. Vaccines worth discussing with your doctor prior to arrival may include hepatitis A, hepatitis B, Japanese encephalitis (particularly for those visiting rural areas), typhoid, and a current influenza vaccine.

Air quality stands as one of the most pressing environmental health concerns for expats. Industrial activity, vehicle traffic, and seasonal transport of particulate matter carried across from mainland Asia can push PM2.5 concentrations to elevated levels, particularly across central and southern Taiwan and throughout the winter months. Expats managing asthma, allergies, or any other respiratory condition should make a habit of checking the Taiwan Air Quality Monitoring Network, which provides real-time readings from stations across the island, and should consider wearing an N95-standard mask when pollution levels are high.

Water and food safety: Although treated tap water in Taiwan meets official safety standards, the widespread local practice is to avoid drinking it straight from the tap, with most households opting for boiled or filtered water. Food hygiene at formal restaurants and supermarkets is generally reliable. Street food and night market stalls are an integral part of daily life in Taiwan and are enjoyed by millions without incident, though exercising sensible food hygiene — particularly during the hot summer months — remains advisable.

Is smoking common in Taiwan, and what are the laws around it?

Tobacco use in Taiwan is governed by the Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act. All forms of tobacco advertising are prohibited, and smoking is forbidden in enclosed public spaces. Taiwan was the second country in Asia to introduce an indoor smoking ban — following Bhutan — a direct outcome of government action stemming from the Act’s enactment in 1997.

As of 2024, an estimated 22.94% of Taiwan’s adult population smokes daily. The rate among men is notably higher, at approximately 40.44%, compared with roughly 5.98% among women. This marked gender disparity is a recognised cultural feature of Taiwanese society: smoking among men, particularly in certain social and professional circles, remains fairly normalised, whereas female smoking carries a significantly greater degree of social stigma.

In practical terms, expats will find that smoke-free requirements are strictly observed in enclosed public environments — including offices, restaurants, shopping centres, public transport, and hospitals. Many outdoor areas and parks also impose restrictions on smoking, and designated smoking zones can be found in certain locations. By comparison with countries such as France or Germany, where restrictions on indoor smoking in hospitality venues were phased in more gradually, Taiwan’s indoor ban is equivalently stringent and generally well respected.

Taiwan’s government has been exploring the possibility of extending smoking restrictions to cover cars, motorbikes, and pedestrians. The legal status of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products remains complex: the sale of nicotine-containing e-cigarettes is currently prohibited, though enforcement has been uneven. Expats who use such products should verify the current regulatory position before travelling, as this is an area in which policy may change.

Is obesity or poor diet a significant health concern in Taiwan?

The prevalence of obesity in Taiwan increased substantially between 1993 and 2014, rising from 11.8% to 22.0%, while rates of morbid obesity climbed from 0.4% to 1.4% over the same period. Although these rates remain well below those seen in countries such as the United States or the United Kingdom, they represent a meaningful shift in the public health landscape, driven by changing lifestyle habits. The proportion of the population affected by diabetes in Taiwan is projected to reach approximately 7.74% in 2024 — a figure partly attributable to the upward trend in obesity and declining levels of physical activity.

It is important to note that Asian populations tend to experience the adverse health consequences of excess body weight at lower BMI values than Western populations. Accordingly, Taiwan’s health authorities apply adapted thresholds: a BMI of 24 is classified as overweight and a BMI of 27 as obese — values that differ from the international standards of 25 and 30 respectively. Expats undergoing health check-ups through the Taiwanese system should be aware of this distinction when interpreting their results.

Taiwanese cuisine is diverse and vibrant, built around staples such as rice, vegetables, seafood, pork, and soy-based products. Traditional Taiwanese and Chinese cooking is generally lower in saturated fat than many Western diets, though it can be high in sodium and refined carbohydrates. Night markets — a cornerstone of Taiwanese social and cultural life — serve an abundance of fried snacks, bubble tea, and sweet treats alongside fresh produce and lighter dishes. Increasingly sedentary urban lifestyles and the gradual adoption of less nutritious dietary patterns have driven rising obesity figures, particularly among younger city-dwellers.

The MOHW runs public health initiatives encouraging regular exercise, balanced eating, and routine medical check-ups. The government subsidises adult health screenings through the NHI, encompassing cancer screening, metabolic syndrome assessments, and checks for other chronic conditions — a resource well worth utilising for expats who have enrolled in the NHI system.

What are the mental health attitudes and services like in Taiwan?

Mental health is a nuanced and evolving subject in Taiwan. Cultural norms that have historically discouraged public acknowledgement of psychological difficulties — rooted in concerns about personal resilience and family reputation common across many East Asian societies — can create real obstacles to seeking professional support. That said, awareness of mental health issues is growing steadily, particularly among younger generations and in urban centres, and the government has publicly committed to increased investment in this area.

Public mental health services are accessible through the NHI, which covers psychiatric consultations and certain counselling provisions. Leading hospitals such as National Taiwan University Hospital and Taipei Veterans General Hospital maintain well-developed psychiatry departments. Community mental health centres operate throughout Taiwan, providing counselling, assessment, and crisis support at the local level. Compared with universal healthcare systems that incorporate substantial public talking-therapy provision — such as Australia’s Medicare or the UK’s NHS — the range of publicly funded psychotherapy (as distinct from medication-based psychiatric treatment) in Taiwan may feel relatively limited to some expats, and waiting times at public facilities can be long.

Private psychiatric clinics and independent psychologists offer quicker access to care, with session fees that are generally considerably more affordable than in many other high-income countries. A number of private practitioners in Taipei and other major cities operate in Mandarin, and some provide services in additional languages — expats are encouraged to consult international clinics or expat community networks for recommendations of bilingual practitioners.

Crisis support services are available, including a mental health hotline operated by the Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare. Expats experiencing psychological difficulties are encouraged to contact their nearest hospital or the MOHW for guidance on accessing suitable care. International Employee Assistance Programmes (EAPs), offered by many multinational employers, can also serve as a practical initial point of contact for expats adjusting to life in a new country.

Are there any health risks specific to expats living in Taiwan?

Expats moving to Taiwan face a set of health-related adjustments that are broadly foreseeable and manageable with adequate preparation.

Adapting to the climate: Taiwan’s subtropical climate brings hot, humid summers in which temperatures frequently exceed 35°C during July and August, and mild winters in the north. People relocating from cooler regions may require time to acclimatise; heat exhaustion and dehydration are genuine concerns during summer, especially for those who cycle, run, or work in outdoor environments. Keeping well hydrated, avoiding direct sun exposure during peak hours, and choosing breathable clothing are simple but effective precautions.

Typhoon season: Taiwan lies within a zone regularly struck by typhoons, most commonly between June and October. Contemporary infrastructure reduces much of the danger, but typhoon events can cause considerable disruption to transport, food availability, and outdoor activities. Expats should familiarise themselves with official emergency procedures and, where possible, register with their home country’s overseas citizens service.

Joining the National Health Insurance (NHI): The majority of expats holding a valid residency permit and engaged in formal employment qualify for NHI enrolment. Eligibility generally commences after six months of continuous residency, though those entering employment immediately upon arrival may be able to enrol at the outset through their employer. Enrolling as promptly as possible is strongly recommended — the NHI delivers wide-ranging coverage at very low cost and grants access to Taiwan’s extensive network of public hospitals and clinics. Consult the National Health Insurance Administration for the latest eligibility information.

Health screenings: NHI-subsidised adult health check-ups are available to enrolled members. Expats are well advised to take advantage of these, particularly for metabolic syndrome, hepatitis B status, and cancer screening. If you have not previously been vaccinated against hepatitis B, raise this with a doctor soon after arriving in Taiwan.

Air quality: As discussed elsewhere in this article, PM2.5 pollution can be a significant issue, especially in central and southern Taiwan. Expats with asthma or other respiratory conditions should maintain adequate medication supplies and monitor daily air quality figures through official channels.

Dietary adjustment: It is not uncommon for expats to experience mild gastrointestinal disruption in the early weeks following arrival, as both the local diet and local water — even when filtered — may differ from what the body is accustomed to. This typically resolves without intervention. Maintaining good food hygiene practices and ensuring sufficient intake of vegetables and dietary fibre during the settling-in period is helpful.

Where can expats find reliable health information and services in Taiwan?

Taiwan offers a range of official and well-maintained health information resources in both Mandarin and English. The following are the most important starting points for expats:

• Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW): The principal government body overseeing public health policy, disease surveillance, and healthcare regulation across Taiwan. The English-language section of the website provides policy information, health statistics, and links to related agencies.
• Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan CDC): The authoritative source for infectious disease surveillance, outbreak notifications, vaccination guidance, and travel health advice. The English-language site is updated regularly and represents the best official resource for disease-specific information.
• National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA): The essential resource for all matters relating to NHI enrolment, coverage scope, premium payments, and locating contracted healthcare providers.
• Taiwan Air Quality Monitoring Network: Real-time air quality readings from monitoring stations throughout Taiwan, published by the Ministry of Environment.
• International hospitals and clinics: Institutions such as National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH) and Mackay Memorial Hospital in Taipei operate dedicated international patient services with English-speaking staff. Numerous private clinics across major cities similarly cater to the needs of international residents.
• Expat community networks: Online communities and expat forums — such as Forumosa — can be an excellent source of practical, experience-based recommendations for local doctors, dentists, and specialists accustomed to working with international patients.

Health regulations, vaccination requirements, disease alert levels, and NHI eligibility criteria are all subject to change. It is essential to verify current information directly through official Taiwanese government sources — particularly the MOHW and Taiwan CDC — both before and after your arrival. Your home country’s travel health authority will also publish Taiwan-specific guidance that is worth consulting before departure.

Frequently Asked Questions About Health Issues in Taiwan

Is tap water safe to drink in Taiwan?

Taiwan’s tap water is treated and satisfies official safety standards, yet the prevailing practice among both locals and long-term residents is to avoid drinking it directly from the tap. Boiling or filtering water before consumption is the norm island-wide. Most households either use a water filter or routinely boil their drinking water; bottled water is widely available and inexpensive. This is worth bearing in mind when setting up a new home.

Do I need vaccinations before moving to Taiwan?

No vaccinations are mandatorily required for entry into Taiwan for most nationalities. However, travel health professionals commonly recommend confirming that you are up to date on hepatitis A, hepatitis B, Japanese encephalitis (particularly if you plan to spend time in rural areas), typhoid, and seasonal influenza. Review the guidance issued by your home country’s health authority and consult the Taiwan CDC for the most current recommendations before you travel.

Can expats access Taiwan’s National Health Insurance?

Yes. Most expats in possession of a valid Alien Resident Certificate (ARC) and engaged in formal employment are entitled to join the NHI. Eligibility ordinarily begins following six months of uninterrupted residency, though those who commence employment immediately upon arrival may be able to enrol from the outset through their employer. The NHI delivers comprehensive coverage at low cost, including outpatient visits, hospitalisation, and prescription medicines. Visit the National Health Insurance Administration for up-to-date eligibility details.

Is dengue fever a serious risk in Taiwan?

Dengue fever is a genuine health risk in Taiwan, most notably in the southern part of the island — particularly Tainan and Kaohsiung — during the warmer months from May to October. The Aedes mosquito responsible for transmitting dengue is active throughout daylight hours. Applying insect repellent, wearing long-sleeved clothing, and ensuring that standing water is eliminated from around your home are the most reliable preventive strategies. No specific antiviral treatment exists, and no widely available vaccine is currently in use — prevention therefore remains the essential focus.

How serious is air pollution in Taiwan?

Air quality constitutes a genuine health concern, particularly across central and southern Taiwan and during winter, when PM2.5 concentrations can spike due to a combination of local emissions and particulates transported from mainland Asia. Northern Taiwan and elevated areas typically fare better. Expats living with respiratory conditions such as asthma should keep a close eye on daily air quality readings via the Taiwan Air Quality Monitoring Network and wear an N95-grade mask on days when pollution levels are high.

Are mental health services available in English in Taiwan?

English-language mental health support is accessible, especially in Taipei. A number of private clinics and international hospitals have psychiatrists and psychologists who consult in English. Internationally operating online therapy platforms also provide a convenient alternative. Public mental health services, while broad in scope, are conducted primarily in Mandarin; expats who are not yet proficient in the language may find private provision more accessible in the first instance. Expat community groups are frequently a helpful source of referrals to bilingual practitioners.

Is chronic kidney disease something expats need to worry about?

Taiwan holds the world’s highest rates of end-stage renal disease, driven by a combination of diabetes, hypertension, the historical use of herbal medicines, and overuse of analgesics. Simply residing in Taiwan does not place expats at specific additional risk, but it is worth being mindful that habitual use of over-the-counter painkillers — particularly NSAIDs — is associated with kidney damage. Routine NHI health check-ups include kidney function assessments, making it straightforward to monitor renal health on an ongoing basis.

What should I do in a medical emergency in Taiwan?

In a medical emergency, call 119 for an ambulance or 110 for the police. Emergency departments at major hospitals operate around the clock and are obliged to provide treatment regardless of a patient’s insurance status. Many large hospitals in Taipei and other cities have international patient service centres staffed with English-speaking personnel. It is strongly recommended that you enrol in the NHI as soon as you become eligible, and that you carry your NHI card and ARC with you at all times for identification purposes.